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On average, volcanic eruptions take place in Iceland every four to five years. Iceland has many active volcanic systems due to its location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and over a hot spot. Of Iceland’s 30 active volcanic systems, 13 have had eruptions since the settlement of Iceland in 874 AD.
With so many active volcanoes, you might wonder which ones are overdue for an eruption. In this article, we will present a short overview of these Icelandic volcanoes that are ready and overdue to erupt: Askja, Hekla, Katla, and Grímsvötn.
Hekla.
Mt. Hekla is Iceland’s most famous volcano, and with 23 eruptions since the settlement of Iceland, it is very active. The volcano has produced one of the largest volumes of lava of any in the world in the last millennium, around eight cubic kilometres.
Its last eruption was in 2000, and this lasted for 11 days, from February 26 to March 8. The actual plume of ash, gas, and water vapour was 10-12km high and did not last long. Hekla’s most recent major eruption took place from 29 March, 1947 until 21 April, 1948. That eruption involved a volcanic plume of 30km high.
Katla.
Katla is completely covered by a glacier. This means that when there’s a big eruption, the lava and ice make for a pretty violent show. But if the eruption isn’t very big, it might not even breach the surface of the glacier. For instance, scientists are fairly sure there were minor, pressure-relieving volcanic events in 1955, 1999 and 2011, but there’s no way to be sure.
Katla is Iceland’s largest volcano, and it is one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland. On average, it erupts every 50-100 years; in all 20 times since the 9th century, when Iceland was first settled. There have not been any large eruptions since 1918 which some people interpret to mean that it’s overdue.
Grímsvötn.
Of Iceland’s 30 active volcanic systems, the most active one is Grímsvötn. As Iceland’s most frequently erupting volcano, it erupted about 65 times in the past 800 years.
Eruptions at Grímsvötn take place at variable intervals and are different in size. Before the major eruption in 2011, there were small eruptions in 2004, 1998, and 1983.
There is one overarching pattern, though: every 150-200 years, a large eruption will occur, and in between there will be a smaller eruption about every decade.
Since the eruption in 2011, scientists are keeping a close eye on Grímsvötn, and their data suggests the volcano might be erupting soon.
Askja is a lesser known major Icelandic volcano. The north volcanic zone (NVZ) where it is located is not as touristy as the east (Bardarbunga, Grimsvotn), the south (Katla) or the southwest (Fagradalsfjall) volcanic zones of Iceland, but it should not be ignored. The Krafla rift eruption here lasted (intermittently) for nine years, from 1975 to 1984, while Askja erupted (also intermittently) throughout the 1920’s.
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Special thanks to:-
Volcanic Information obtained from Wikipedia
Charts & data from and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)
Earthquake data from
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