Phenylketonuria (PKU) and law of probability

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the gene for the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), rendering it enzyme is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) to the amino acid tyrosine (Tyr). When PAH activity is reduced, phenylalanine accumulates and is converted into phenylpyruvate (also known as phenylketone), which can be detected in the urine. Untreated PKU can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, and other serious medical problems. The mainstream treatment for classic PKU patients is a strict PHE-restricted diet supplemented by a medical formula containing amino acids and other nutrients. In the United States, the current recommendation is that the PKU diet should be maintained for life. Patients who are diagnosed early and maintain a strict diet can have a normal life span with normal mental development. However, recent research suggests that neurocognitive, psychosocial, quality of life, growth, nutrition, bone pathology are slightly suboptimal if diet is not supplemented with amino acids. History Phenylketonuria was discovered by the Norwegian physician Ivar Asbjørn Følling in 1934 when he noticed hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) was associated with intellectual disability. In Norway, this disorder is known as Følling’s disease, named after its discoverer. Dr. Følling was one of the first physicians to apply detailed chemical analysis to the study of disease. His careful analysis of the urine of two affected siblings led him to request many physicians near Oslo to test the urine of other affected patients. This led to the discovery of the same substance he had found in eight other patients. He conducted tests and found reactions that gave rise to benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, which led him to conclude that the compound contained a benzene ring. Further testing showed the melting point to be the same as phenylpyruvic acid, which indicated that the substance was in the urine. His careful science inspired many to pursue similar meticulous and painstaking research with other disorders. It was recently suggested that PKU may resemble amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, due to the formation of toxic amyloid-like assemblies of phenylalanine. #Haploid #GeneticExamQuestionsSolutions #Anaphase #dominant #DNA #Genetics101 #protein #GeneticsLecture #PCR #mutation #ChromosomeArm #codons #genomics #centromeres #genome #mRNA #breedingExperiment #Isochromosome #geneticCode #Eukaryotes #mitosis #autosomal #viruses #geneticDrift #geneExpression #Primers #genotype #Allele #doubleStrandedDNA #nucleicAcids #GeneticsExamQuestionsSolutions #phenotype #hardyWeinbergEquilibrium #chromosome #MolecularBiology #Prokaryotes #Breeding