The 15 th and 16 th centuries became a new age of economic growth, far surpassing that of the Song. Art and
literature flourished, in part driven by the consumer power of a revived merchant class. Printing expanded
and fueled a growth in literacy, which in turn, reinforced the demand for more and cheaper books. This
dynamic economy created tensions in society, as commercial wealth gave greater power to non-literati
elites, who increasingly challenged their systematic exclusion from participation in government. Merchants
were legally barred from taking the Confucian examinations, but that restriction, which had extended to
three generations, was reduced to one in the Ming. The great voyages of exploration at the beginning of the
15 th century, however, did not lead to a redefinition of China’s role in the larger world. After the 1430s,
China returned to its traditional security concerns in Inner Asia and left the maritime world to private
traders.
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