One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically:
▀▀▀
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.
▀▀▀
References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. -
Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube -
A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube -
Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. -
Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. -
Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. -
Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News -
Entropy, Wikipedia -
Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. -
What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube -
Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.
Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. -
Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. -
Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions“ Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life’s thermodynamic function“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. -
England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. -
England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. -
Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine -
Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. -
Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. -
Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. -
Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia -
Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube -
Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. -
The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube -
▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO’s Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius
1 view
591
252
2 months ago 00:02:46 1
Star Wars Outlaws: Official Story Trailer
2 months ago 00:02:04 1
Evacuation of the population! Thousands of homeless people, record forest fires in Venezuela
2 months ago 00:10:28 1
Painting an Iron Maiden The Trooper Eddie Statue 😱 | Behind the Scenes
2 months ago 00:03:00 1
Dead Boy Detectives | Official Trailer | Netflix
2 months ago 00:05:08 1
Mastodon - Blood And Thunder (Live at Resurrection Fest EG 2022)
2 months ago 00:01:00 1
Georg Friedrich Göndel Passacaglia Геóрг Фри́дрих Ге́ндель #shorts #composer #music #song #vokal
2 months ago 00:54:16 1
Tucker Carlson JUST Revealed The Last And Most TERRIFYING Secret We Are NOT Supposed To Know
2 months ago 00:05:30 1
Dalton Vs Knox - Final Fight Scene | ROAD HOUSE (2024) Conor McGregor, Movie CLIP HD
2 months ago 00:01:00 1
some science experiments 😍#exactfixproblem #tech #techsolutions #physics #scinceexpriment #science
2 months ago 00:22:03 1
95 Best Business Machines! Business ideas 2024 (№32)
2 months ago 00:07:16 1
Road House Arrival Scene | ROAD HOUSE (2024) Jake Gyllenhaal, Movie CLIP HD
2 months ago 00:04:01 1
Dr Funk - Roadrunner (Drop D) Marcus Miller Inspired
2 months ago 00:00:22 1
Most Brutal Metal Scream 2012
2 months ago 00:11:13 1
😱🎁The girl pried open the sparkling giant clam and harvested the largest and most beautiful pearls
2 months ago 00:08:55 1
Shout, Sister, Shout! Sister Rosetta Tharpe
2 months ago 00:11:26 1
The Shortest War EVER - Historically
2 months ago 00:39:43 1
Dvořák: Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104 | Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Anastasia Kobekina
2 months ago 00:04:51 1
Dååth - Ascension (Official Video)
2 months ago 00:06:00 1
Тюмень / Tyumen 1880-1914
2 months ago 00:02:47 1
The Platters - Only You 1955 (HD)
2 months ago 00:06:20 1
Listening to Honkai Star Rail Penacony OST be like:
2 months ago 01:14:14 1
Три месяца я слушала только эту музыку🌿 Прекрасные мелодии до слёз... Эту музыку можно слушать вечно
2 months ago 00:07:01 1
ELEGANCE LOVERS, THIS MODEL IS AMAZING..#crochet #knitting #
2 months ago 01:10:09 1
VEGANS IN DANGER with LIERRE KEITH [Plant-based Tips]